Greek Politician Complains of Targeting by Surveillance Software

Nikos Androulakis, head of PASOK-KINAL, the third-largest party in the Greek parliament, almost fell victim to Predator surveillance software recently, for which reason he has filed an indictment to the Supreme Court, his party said Tuesday.

PASOK-KINAL said Androulakis received a text message with a link on his phone that read: “Let’s look at the matter a little more seriously, man, we have something to win.”

Adroulakis did not click on the link, and his device was not infected.

“It is a case that raises reasonable concerns and questions about what exactly is happening in the political system, in Greek democracy; who are those who are hiding behind and tried to steal personal data and trap the mobile phone of the political leader of the third party of the Greek parliament?” Thanasis Glavinas, director of PASOK-KINAL’s parliamentary group, told BIRN.

In April, two journalists of the investigative media outlet Inside Story, Tasos Telloglou and Eliza Triantafyllou revealed that another journalist, Thanasis Koukakis, was spied on by Predator software for at least three months.

Inside Story revealed that 50 websites of Greek interest were intended to infect the mobile phones of targets who speak Greek, and that targets included both journalists but also ordinary citizens.

The National Transparency Authority, established by the current government, launched an investigation into Koukaki’s case.

But the report said that the government had nothing to do with the surveillance of Koukakis since neither the police nor the National Intelligence Service had purchased or used this or similar spyware.

“The report was delivered to Koukakis last week, three months later, and it appears that some elements were not checked at all,” Telloglou told BIRN.

Inside Story’s newest investigation discloses that the National Transparency Authority did not examine the bank accounts of the companies Koukakis had filed, which appear connected to the security services; it did not examine the activities of the Cypriot companies connected to the software producer or dealing with the Greek state.

“The Greek government has multiple times denied having or using Predator, but has failed so far to find who is using the spyware against targets in Greece, which raises concerns about the protection of democracy and civil rights,” Thodoris Chondrogiannos, reporter at Reporters United, told BIRN.

Reporters United’s investigation into surveillance in Greece revealed that business people with whom Grigoris Dimitriadis, Secretary General and nephew of Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis, dealt, are directly or indirectly linked to the companies that trade in Predator.

“Following the publication of our investigation, Dimitriadis sent an out-of-court statement against Reporters United, calling the publication a ‘blatant attempt to target and smear me’. However, he did not dispute the links between the companies and businessmen we presented in the investigation,” Chondrogiannos said.

Greek media report that journalists, lawyers, and civil servants have been put under surveillance by the National Intelligence Service; including BIRN contributor Stavros Malihoudis.

On February 24, Solomon media outlet filed an indictment to the Supreme Court about the surveillance of citizens by the National Intelligence Service.

“The political system, together with the authorities and the Greek justice system, must take the initiative and investigate such cases from their origin; we cannot live like this, and unfortunately in Greece, everyone, more or less, has the belief that they are watching us, even if this is not true,” Glavinas said.

Kosovo’s Online Media Lack Resources to Combat Fake News: Report

The Press Council of Kosovo published a report on Monday entitled Misinformation, Disinformation and Fake News in Online Media in Kosovo, which concluded that online media in the country lack the staff to deal with these issues and the money to train journalists in ethical and professional reporting.

The Press Council, a self-regulatory body which includes most of Kosovo’s media, surveyed 18 online media in Kosovo for the report, as well as interviewing media and legal experts.

“Representatives of [state] institutions should have been part of the report but they did not respond to our invitation,” said the head of the Press Council, Imer Mushkolaj.

“It is worrying that institutions ask media to be disciplined but they do not follow the procedures of complaint in cases in which they claim they have been slandered by the media,” Mushkolaj added.

The executive director of the Kosovo Association of Journalists, Getoarbe Mulliqi Boja, said that most fake news is circulated by websites published by interest groups, which are not registered as media outlets.

“Institutions increase disinformation by not giving statements to journalists who, based on the requests of the media they work at, for to get information via secondary sources,” Mulliqi Boja added.

However, the Press Council’s report concluded that there are journalists who directly cause the spread of fake news.

Qerim Ondozi, the author of the report, explained that it was concluded that many media do not follow the Press Council’s ethical code or are not aware of what it says.

Ondozi said that “confusion exists when it comes to internal regulations, when we asked about their existence we were expecting the answers to be related to the Press Council of Kosovo ethics code, however we had various answers, including ‘it is on the wall at the newsroom’”.

Seven out of 18 online media outlets that were surveyed said that they do not have written editorial policies, which increases “the difficulty of practices to identify and verify fake news”, the report says.

Six out of the 18 surveyed said they only have two editors, while at least one online media has no editors, and one has 15 editors.

The report also says that only eight out of the 18 online media have sub-editors. It says this is a source of great concern because “a sub-editor can be the one to identify the presence of elements of fake news”.

Almost half of the online media do not provide their staff with training opportunities for professional development, which is also problematic in combatting fake news, the report says.

The report’s respondents mentioned the lack of financial resources as a problem as well media organizations often being small. At around 40 per cent of the outlets, the owner is also the director.

The lack of financial resources directly influences the “lack of professional staff”, which Mushkolaj considers to be one of the main issues.

The Press Council report recommends that media increase capacities and training, use clear practices in identifying sources and facts prior to publication, and follow professional standards.

Albania Blames ‘Massive Cyber Attack’ as Govt Servers go Down

Albania has come under a “massive cybernetic attack”, the government announced on Monday, which pro-government media blamed on Russia.

The main servers of the National Agency for Information Society, which handles many services, were all down on Monday after being hit on Sunday by “an attack from abroad”.

“Albania is under a massive cybernetic attack that has never happened before. This criminal cyber-attack was synchronized… from outside Albania,” the Council of Ministers said in a press release.

“In order to not allow this attack to damage our information system, the National Agency of Information Society had temporarily shut down online services and other government websites,” it added.

The National Agency for Information Society, AKSHI, is a controversial institution, which some accuse of  misusing citizens’ personal data for political purposes. It has been also suspected of funneling millions of euros to progovernment media through procurements of various services.

The government of Prime Minister Edi Rama closed desk services for the population lately and ordered mandatory use of its online services for everything from enrolling in school to obtaining an ISBN number for a new book at the National Library.

However, several important services, such as online tax filing, are still working, as they use separate servers.

Sali Berisha, a former PM and opposition leader, blamed the ineptitude of the government rather than Russia for the meltdown, pointing out that the government had concentrated too many services in the AKSHI.

“How did it it happen that the government ordered almost all important services to go through this website?’ he asked. “How can such initiatives be undertaken while no professional policing against cyber crime is yet in place?” he added.

Kosovo MP’s Call for Media Controls Condemned by Unions

Media unions in Kosovo have criticised ruling Vetevendosje party MP Fitore Pacolli after, on Thursday, she urged the government to take measures to identify investments in the media, which, according to her, are being used for business and public blackmail.

“Recent years have seen large private investments in the media through which the possibility of interference and influence was created in some major and online media, that are being used for business purposes and political blackmail,” she claimed. 

“The Assembly and the government must … take measures and understand what is happening with the operations of the media, their transparency and their ownership,” Pacolli told the Assembly.

After making the statement, the Association of Journalists of Kosovo and the Kosovo Press Council expressed serious concern.

“The open call of MP Pacolli for the direct intervention of the government to control the media is unacceptable for the AGK and the KMShK, and represents a danger to freedom of the media in the country,” their statement said.

They emphasized that any attempt by the government to exercise control over the media would be an unacceptable attempt to interfere in their work, and a serious threat by the government to the media.

Another media organization, Safe Journalists, also condemned the statement of MP Pacolli, calling talk of government control of the media a threat to freedom of expression and democracy.

“MP Pacolli’s open call for direct intervention by the government to control the media is unacceptable as it is also … a danger to freedom of speech and democracy,” it said.

After numerous similar reactions from organizations and civil society, MP Pacolli defended her statement by distributing part of the recent resolution of the European Parliament approved on July 6, 2022, which states that the media environment in Kosovo has been “distorted” in recent years.

“The media environment has been distorted in recent years, with large-scale investments leading to increased private sector influence over mainstream media and online media that are often used for commercial and political blackmail; [the resolution] reiterates the need to guarantee the transparency of the media, including media ownership,” the paragraph that Pacolli shared on Facebook said.

The code of ethics for the print media in Kosovo is a self-regulatory instrument, which the print media, including portals, must respect.

Supervision of the code for possible violations is carried out by a self-regulatory body made up of editors-in-chief and editors of the member media of this body.

The print media commission consists of the media themselves. Televisions and radio stations are regulated by the law on the independent media. The government is expected to declare its view of the statements of the Vetëvendosje MP Pacolli on July 15 at a session of the Assembly.

EC Rule of Law Report Flags up Several Balkan States

Romania’s press is in the highest risk category regarding freedom of expression, according to the newest report on the Rule of Law in the EU released on Wednesday by the European Commission.

The Media Pluralism Monitor ranks EU member states into five risk levels: Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Romania and Slovenia are considered highest-risk countries.

The report is an overview of trends in the EU as a whole with 27 country chapters looking at developments in every member state since July 2021, including the context of the Russian invasion in Ukraine.

The Commission says transparency of media ownership in Romania rermains incomplete, and there is not enough transparency concerning audiovisual media and elections.

“There is not enough transparency regarding the dissemination of content paid for by political parties outside election campaigns, and journalists’ access to information remains deficient,” says the report.

The report also signalled two active alerts concerning the intimidation of Romanian journalists, in the cases of Emilia Sercan and Alin Cristea.

Regarding Bulgaria, the report noted a lack of a clear regulatory framework to ensure transparency in the allocation of state advertising, despite some measures taken to improve transparency.

“The professional environment of journalists has slightly improved since the last year, but issues such as access to public information, working conditions and strategic lawsuits remain,” says the report.

The situation remains very poor regarding media independence in Hungary.

The EC recommends Hungarian lawmakers to mechanisms to enhance the functional independence of the media regulatory authority, taking into account European standards on the freedom of media regulators.

“Media professionals continue to face challenges in exercising their activities, including with the surveillance of investigative journalists. Access to public information has continued to be hindered under the state of danger,” the report says.

The authors see some improvements in Poland on media freedom. However, they warn that recent developments concerning operating licensing show existing risks to media pluralism. The introduction of a state of emergency in Poland negatively affected the right of access to information, says the report, in particular by humanitarian organisations and journalists.

The media situation in Greece is described as relatively normal regarding laws in the media sector. However, the report warns that attacks and threats against journalists persist and that journalists’ professional environment has deteriorated further.

It’s notable for adding that unknown persons, in the early hours of Wednesday, placed a triple explosive device at the building of the Greek media Real Group, causing severe damage to the building. No claim of responsibility has yet emerged for this new attack against press freedom. The Greek PM Kyriakos Mitsotakis, ministers, and the opposition condemned the attack.

“There have been no significant changes to the legal framework regulating the media regulator, and concerns remain concerning its financial capacity and human resources,” concluded the report.

In Croatia, the report noted that establishing an independent, self-regulatory body for the media is being discussed but lacks a consensus among media stakeholders on the way forward.

“The revision of the Media Act is also expected to improve the framework for the access to information for journalists,” the report says.

The report follows up on challenges identified in previous reports. It includes observations on issues such as public service media, the use of spyware or the implementation of judgements by the European Court of Human Rights.

Turkey Bans Media Coverage of Doctor’s Murder, as Medics Strike

After a patient’s relative murdered a doctor and his secretary in hospital on Thursday in the central Anatolian city of Konya, Turkey’s Radio and Television Supreme Council, RTUK, the state agency that monitors and sanctions radio and television broadcasts, has banned all media coverage of the double murder.

“Regarding the armed attack in Konya City Hospital, a broadcast ban has been imposed on media operating in written, visual and social media form and on the internet,” RTUK said in a statement.

A court in Konya rook the swift decision, on RTUK’s request. Media organisations that do not obey the ban may be fined.

Cardiologist Ekrem Karakaya and his secretary were murdered by Hacı Mahmut Akcay who was reportedly angry with Dr Karakaya’s treatment of a family member. Akcay also lost his life following an armed clash between him and security officers.

In response, medical workers across the country ordered a two-day strike. “Dr Ekrem Karakaya was slaughtered on duty. We are angry. We are striking on July 7 and 8 against the violence,” the Turkish Medical Association, TTB, said in a statement.

The TTB also called for the resignation of Fahrettin Koca, the Minister for Health, citing the government’s failure to stop violence against medical workers.

“In the face of violence, we can no longer tolerate any damage to … physicians/health workers. As we have repeatedly stated, violence is a predictable and preventable social problem, and this problem can be overcome with overarching policies aimed at solving it,” TTB added.

While medical workers are holding their nationwide strike, emergency services will continue.

Doctors and other medical unions have been demanding new laws and regulations to protect them from an epidemic of violence and tough working conditions.

A report published by the Union of Health and Social Service Workers said violence against medical workers increased by 62 per cent in 2021. That year, 364 medical workers were attacked and 316 lost their lives.

The report also suggested that only 11.3 per cent of the attackers were imprisoned for their acts of violence. Some 37 per cent of the attackers were released after a short period of detention while another 16.8 per cent were subject to administrative investigations. A third of the number, 34 per cent, walked free without investigation or punishment.

The government adopted a new bill on May 27 to curb violence against medical workers, but unions say it is not enough, and that overarching medical reform is the only solution.

Turkey’s ‘Disinformation’ Law Will Devastate Media Freedom, Experts Predict

Turkish media experts said the country’s new disinformation law which is awaiting adoption in the Turkish parliament will be the last nail in the coffin of an independent media.

The so-called disinformation law will increase government control and censorship in media and social media platforms, Orhan Sener, head of the Journalists’ Union of Turkey’s academy, said.

“I do not believe that there are good intentions here. One must be very naïve to believe that the government is doing this to prevent misinformation. Their record is known, as is what they are capable is known,” he said.

Sener recalled that Turkey ranked in a lowly 149th place among 180 countries in terms of press freedom in Reporters’ Without Borders latest Press Freedom Index.

The draft law for the first time defines “spreading misinformation on purpose” as a crime.

It introduces penalties for anyone who “publicly disseminates false information regarding internal and external security, public order and the general welfare of the country, in a way that breaches the public peace, simply for the purpose of creating anxiety, fear or panic among the population”.

Baris Altintas, the chairperson of the Media and Law Studies Association, MLSA said: “The basic question legally is here how we define fake news and lies. According to this law, it is definitely not by any objective or scientific standards. It is clear that it [the law] is going to an abuse when and if it passes in October.”

According to the proposed law, people who spread misinformation can be jailed for one to three years. If a court rules that a person spreads misinformation as part of an illegal organisation, the jail sentence will increase by 50 per cent.

Journalists can also be charged under the new law if they use anonymous sources to hide the identity of a person spreading “misinformation”.

“Turkey is the worst example, but it is definitely [part of] a trend we can notice in our region or elsewhere,” Marija Ristic, regional director of Balkan Investigative Reporting Network, BIRN, said, referencing the new law.

Ristic noted a recent example of this trend in India. “However, in our region, many countries are trying to impose similar although less restrictive laws,” Ristic said, underlining that Balkan countrie rank poorly in many surveys and rankings on media freedoms.

Turkish journalist and political scientist Sezin Oney said that Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s government aims to use the new law in its favour before the next elections, as Erdogan’s popularity in election polls tumbles.

“In this grim autumn, as the economy gets worse, … they [authorities] may continue to lose more votes,” Oney said. He added that one of the new law’s targets will be economists and economy-related news reports.

“The new law will also target economists. If you say something or tweet about something about the official inflation statistics, it will be deemed a lie and there may be a court case against you,” Oney added.

On Thursday evening, during Balkan Insight’s Twitter space discussion, more bad news for media freedom in Turkey arrived, when access to Turkish language services of Deutsche Welle and Voice of America were blocked by a court decision following the Turkish government’s licence demands.

“Since Russia had denied licence to Deutsche Welle [in February], I was wondering when Turkey would follow,” Gurkan Ozturan, the coordinator of Media Freedom Rapid Response at the European Centre for Press and Media Freedom, said. “This is an incredibly illegitimate and horrible development,” Ozturan said.

Balkan Insight regularly organises Twitter space programmes to discuss trending issues in the Balkans. The full programme entitled “Censorship fear in Turkish media the new disinformation law” can be listened here.

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